文法教學 – 2 頁 – 超凡遠距

I go to school every day.
to是介係詞，介係詞後面接的是名詞，school是名詞。
I want to go to school.
有兩個to，第一個to後面接的是動詞go，(to + V.原形)是不定詞。
第二個to則如例句一所說明(to+名詞)是介係詞片語。

所以當我們說I am on my way to school. to是介係詞，所以後面接名詞。聽起來很簡單，但是學校考試的內容為什麼困惑呢？看看下面幾個句子就明白為什麼困惑了。

既然我們可以說：I am on my way to school.我在通往學校的路上。
我們當然也可以說：I am on my way to a singer.我在通往歌手的路上。
那可不可以說：I am on my way to become a singer.我在通往成為歌手的路上。
看起來沒錯，但是卻錯了。因為從第一句我們知道to是介係詞，所以後面要接名詞，但是become是動詞，所以要變成名詞才是正確文法。
I am on my way to becoming a singer. 才是正確句子。

我們再來看看幾個正確及錯誤的句子

⭕Hard work is the key to success.(努力是成功的關鍵。) to為介係詞
❌Hard work is the key to be successful.
⭕Hard work is the key to being successful.
⭕There is no shortcut to the top.(到頂端沒有捷徑。) to為介係詞
❌There is no shortcut to stand at the top.
⭕There is no shortcut to standing at the top.
⭕I am used to you every Monday.(每星期一，我已經習慣有你。) to為介係詞
❌I am used to see Mary every Monday.
⭕I am used to seeing Mary every Monday.
⭕My dad used to smoke, but he has quit it.(我爸以前抽菸，但他已經戒掉。)
(to smoke)為不定詞。
❌My dad used to smoking, but he has quit it.
⭕My dad is used to smoking.(我爸已經習慣於抽菸了。)
⭐used to+動詞表達過去習慣，be used to+名詞表達習慣於某事物。

注意分辨下面兩個正確句子涵義上的不同，因為to的角色不同，所以意思不同。

⭕Computers are used to help people work.電腦被用來幫人們工作。
⭕Computers are used to helping people work.電腦習慣於幫人們工作。

注意：從句子的結構SVOPA也能判斷介係詞或不定詞。不定詞(to+V)是名詞用途，所以是在句子中的主詞或受詞的位置，介係詞片語(to+N)則是位於名詞或動詞的前後方。

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2021-04-132025-07-04 超凡遠距英語口筆譯文法教學，易混淆用法

17 感官動詞及使役動詞

感官動詞依語意可接Ving正在發生；V規律發生；PP…被動

see/ look at/ hear/ listen to/ feel/ smell/ observe/ watch/ notice

I saw my friend running down the street. (表達當時正在進行的動作。)
I saw my friend run down the street.
When I wake up in the morning, I hear birds sing in the trees every day.
John didn’t see the wallet taken by anyone.
= John didn’t see anyone taking the wallet.
May noticed her computer used by someone.

使役動詞有三個：make/ have/ get to

make, have, get to的主動語態。

I made my brother carry my book bag. (我弟沒選擇，我要他幫我背書包。)
I had my brother carry my book bag. (我弟幫我背書包，因為我要求他。)
I got my brother to carry my book bag. (我成功地說服我弟幫我背書包。)

make, have, get to的被動語態。

I had the mechanic repair the car. (主動)
= I had the car repaired (by the mechanic.) (被動)
Lee made her son clean his room. (主動)
= Lee made his room cleaned (by her son.) (被動)
May got her brother to do her homework. (主動)
= May got her homework done (by her brother.) (被動)

let, help: 後接動詞原形

由於let與上方使役動詞make在中文都被翻譯成「讓…」，所以意義及使用上常造成錯誤。

My father lets me drive his car.我爸讓我開他的車。 (這表示我很想開爸爸的車。)
My brother helped me (to) wash my car.

說明：let及help嚴格來說不算是使「役」動詞，反而是使「開心」動詞，但用法與使役動詞類似。

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2021-04-132022-03-30 超凡遠距英語口筆譯背景知識，文法教學，易混淆用法

16 表達時間的幾種方式

表達時間有幾種不同的方式，英語人士最常使用的是第一項的直接表達，但學校的教學系統會比較重視其他稍為困難些的表達模式，考試也是以這些為主。

(1) 直接表達：It is 12:10. (It is twelve-ten.)

(2) 使用介係詞past (經過)或after (…之後)：用於時間的分鐘在30分前。例句：

It’s 07:10. = It’s ten past seven. = It’s ten after seven.

(3) 使用介係詞to (到達)或before (…之前)：用於30分鐘後。例句：

It’s 06:50. = It’s ten to seven. = It’s ten before seven.

(4) 使用名詞quarter (1/4 = 15分鐘)：用於15分鐘或45分鐘。例句：

It’s 09:15. = It’s a quarter after 9.
It’s 09:45. = It’s a quarter to 10.

(5) 使用名詞half (1/2 = 30分鐘)：用於30分鐘。

It’s 11:30. = It’s half past 11.
It’s 11:30. = It’s half before 12.

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2021-04-132022-03-30 超凡遠距英語口筆譯全文輸出訓練，文法教學，易混淆用法

15 副詞子句

副詞子句就是一個副詞加上一個句子，例如When I wake up, I wash my face first。這個句子中的When I wake up就是副詞子句，也就是S V O P A的句子結構下，A這個副詞能夠連接另外一個句子。也就是S V O P (A+SVOPA)。

本單元僅以時間副詞子句為例子說明，可在39單元做更深入了解。

表達時間關係的副詞子句

by the time: 表達一事件發生時，另一事件已經發生。

(a) By the time he arrived, we had already left.
(b) By the time he comes, we will have already left.

since/ever since: 表達自從或從那時到現在。

(a) I haven’t seen him since he left this morning.
= I haven’t seen him ever since he left this morning. (語氣較強烈)

until/till: 表達某事持續發生直到另一事件發生。

(a) We stayed there until we finished our work.

as soon as/once: 表達"一旦"某事發生，另一事件即刻發生。

(a) As soon as it stops raining, we will leave.
= We will leave once it stops raining.

as long as/so long as: 表達"只要"一條件成立，另一事件或條件也成立或發生。

(a) I’ll never talk with him again as long as I live.
= So long as I live, I’ll never talk with him again.

whenever/every time: 表達”每當"一事件發生時，則另一事件也跟著發生。

(a) Whenever she sees me, she says hello.
= She says hello every time she sees me.

the first time/the last time/the next time: 表達第一次、下一次、或最後一次某事件發生時，另一事件也會發生。

(a) The first time (that) I went to New York, I went to a concert.
(b) I saw two plays the last time I went to New York.
(c) The next time I go to New York, I’m going to see a ballet.

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2021-04-102022-03-31 超凡遠距英語口筆譯文法教學

49 急迫性語氣

英文是有時態的語言，有過去現在未來的不同動詞表達模式，與事實相反的假設語氣則是因為與事實相反而只能用「不正常動詞時態」表達，急迫性語氣則表達迫切期望的事，但是因為只是期望而尚未真正發生，也是只能以「不正常動詞時態」表達。

應用：「不正常動詞時態」在應用上通常是不賦予時態，所以通常以動詞原型或以有急迫涵意的(should+動詞原型)表達。

以下是常見用以配合急迫語氣的動詞：
advise (勸告), propose (提議), ask, request (要求), recommend (推薦),
demand (要求), insist (堅持), suggest, It is essential (根本的) that,
It is important that…, It is necessary… (必須的), It is critical… (重要的),
It is imperative… (強迫的), It is vital… (非常重要的)….

The teacher demands that we be on time.
The teacher demands that we should be on time.

I insisted that he pay me the money.
I insisted that he should pay me the money.

I recommended that she not go to the concert.
I recommended that she should not go to the concert.

It is important that they be told the truth.
It is important that they should be told the truth.

I suggested that she see a doctor.
= I suggested that she should see a doctor.

lest (唯恐、萬一) = in case 常與should連用以表達急迫性語氣

He soon left lest he should see me.
= He soon left lest he see me.

He soon left in case he should see me.

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