分類: 句型結構

造句關鍵：形成句子的五個元素SVOPA (主詞+動詞+受詞+介係詞片語+副詞)

1. 先有一個人或物的名詞做為主詞
2. 主詞做了一個動作詞，即是動詞
3. 某個人或物名詞接受這動作，這就是受詞
4. 介紹動作的地點時間等in/ at…，就是介係詞片語
5. 表達時間、地點、程度的副詞

如何快速正確造句：先有一個想法(句子)

例句: 我們每天在課堂上練習英文。

1. 找到句子的詞類元素：S + V + O + Prep. + Adv.
2. 將正確的詞類以正確的方式放在正確的位置。
   名詞 + 動詞 + 名詞 + (介係詞+名詞) + 副詞
3. We + practice + English + in class + every day.

例句: 學生拍手叫好。
The students + clapped and cheered.

四個困難

1. 中文對詞類沒有嚴格規範，沒有拼字的改變，但英文有。
   Doing exercise is good! 運動很好!
2. 介係詞片語及副詞所擺放的位置跟中文通常不同。
   例如：我們昨天決定在台北舉辦一場產品說明會。
   We decided to hold a product presentation in Taipei yesterday.
   ❌We yesterday decided to hold a product presentation in Taipei yesterday.
3. 經常受到中文句子中的贅詞干擾。
   例如：在那一場閉門會議中，雙方的歧見最後總算達成了共識。
   In the meeting, differences on both sides finally reached an agreement.
   (贅詞：閉門/總算)
4. 以視覺順序造句，沒有內化句意以找出關鍵字。
   例如: 旗語幫助人們在能看見彼此但聽不到的狀況下發送訊息。
   Semaphore helps people send messages when they can see, but cannot hear each other.
   ❌ Semaphore helps people see each other…

解決困難1

*不需要把每個中文字翻譯成英文，只需要把意義放在五個詞類元素裡面。

例如: 有個男士站在7/11門口。
A man is standing in front of 7/11.
❌Have a man stand in front of 7/11.

解決困難2

*找出關鍵字：動詞/主詞，按照詞類要求放進英文句子結構中，別逐字翻譯放進過多的單詞在英文句子中。

例如：研究多年後，John選擇放棄原研究計畫進而展開另一個。
Years later, John gave up his project and started another.

(化繁為簡找出關鍵字)

練習找出關鍵字：主詞/動詞

練習1：
雷射冷卻在電腦與醫學領域有著廣泛的應用前景。

主詞? 動詞? 受詞? 還有其他詞類嗎?
雷射冷卻/在電腦與醫學領域/有著廣泛的/應用/前景。

動詞：應用(被動)
主詞：雷射冷卻
介係詞片語：電腦與醫學領域/前景
副詞：廣泛的

Laser cooling/ can be applied/ to computer and medicine/ in the future / extensively.

造句時確立相對應詞類的單詞即可，無須理會多餘的中文，例如「領域」「有著」。不需要探討中文組織好壞。

練習2：
你該做的就是今天開始用Paul告訴你的方式讀英文。

❌You should do is start study in the Paul tell you way today. (中文式英文)

主詞：你該做的
動詞：就是
受詞(補語)：開始讀英文
介係詞片語：(用Paul告訴你的)方式副詞：今天

解析2：你該做的/就是/今天/開始/用Paul告訴你的方式/讀英文。

*What you should do / is / to start / studying English / in the way that Paul tells you / today.

*You should start to study English today and (you should) use the way that Paul tells you. (一句造不出來就用兩句)

結論

1. 英文的文法規則只有一條：將組成句子的元素
   (主詞) (動詞) (受詞) (介係詞片語) (副詞)
   (名詞) (動詞) (名詞) (介係詞+名詞) (副詞)
   按照正確的詞類要求擺好

英文文法就是將單字以正確詞性，擺放在句子中正確的位置。這一單元簡潔說明如何對英文的詞類做出正確判斷或辨識，列出真正附加在單字後方的字尾(suffix)所形成的詞類變化。雖然是通則，不能涵蓋每一個英文單字，但足以幫助學習者正確應用大量的單字。

形成名詞常用的附加字尾

1. –er或-or: 用來加在動詞後面表示 執行這個動詞的動作的人或物，通常是-er但是有些是-or，兩者的轉換沒有規則可循。例如：
   worker, runner, consumer, pencil sharpener, bottle opener, projector.
2. –ee: 用來跟-er做對比，-er如前所說明，是執行動作的人或物，-ee則是接收或體驗這個過程的人。例如：
   employer/employee, trainer/trainee, payer/payee, interviewer/interviewee.
3. –tion/-sion/-ion: 這些字尾用以將動詞變成名詞。例如：
   pollute/pollution, reduce/reduction, act/action.
4. –ism: 用來表示一種行動、意識形態、專業或信仰。例如：
   liberalism, Buddhism, socialism, journalism, terrorism.
5. –ist: 用來表示有某種意識形態、專業或信仰的人。例如：
   liberalist, Buddhist, socialist, journalist, terrorist.
6. –ness: 這些字尾用以將形容詞變成名詞，尤其是以-y結尾的形容詞。例如：
   happiness, laziness, goodness, forgetfulness, sadness.
7. –ment: 這些字尾用以將動詞變成名詞。例如：
   excitement, enjoyment.
8. –ity: 如果形容詞字尾以-able或-ible結尾(參考下方形成形容詞常用的附加字尾)，通常適用這變化，但是並非所有-ity結尾名詞均來自-ble結尾的形容詞。例如：
   flexibility, productivity, activity, ability.
9. –hood: 通常指成長的階段，例如：
   childhood, motherhood, adulthood.
10. –ship: 通常指某種狀態，例如：
    friendship, partnership, membership.
11. –al: 這些字尾用以將動詞變成名詞，表達該動作本身。例如：
    refusal, arrival, approval

形成形容詞常用的附加字尾

1. –able或-ible：用來附加在動詞字尾而形成「…能夠…」的含意，例如drinkable含有can be drunk的涵義。例如：
   washable, breakable, eatable, edible, controllable.
2. –ive: 加在動詞後構成形容詞，表達「有…作用的，有…性質的」，例如：
   passive, productive, active.
3. –al: 用作形容詞的後綴，表達「與…有關的」，例如：
   legal, brutal.
4. –ous: 通常加在名詞後以構成形容詞的後綴，表示一種性質或條件，例如：
   dangerous, ambitious, delicious, furious, various.
5. –ful: 通常加在名詞後以構成形容詞的後綴，表示該名詞的高質量，例如：
   forgetful, hopeful, useful, powerful, mouthful, handful
6. –less: 通常加在名詞後構成形容詞，表示該名詞的低質量或卻乏名詞的特質，例如：
   useless, harmless, homeless, friendless, meaningless.

形成動詞常用的附加字尾

1. –ize: 通常加在形容詞後方表達形容詞的形成過程，例如standardize標準化，是形成標準的過程。其他例子：
   modernize, commercialize, popularize, industrialize, computerize.
   *附加說明：這一類的字通常以-ization的字尾變化變成名詞。例如：
   modernization現代化。
2. –ify: 通常加在名詞或形容詞後方表達該名詞或形容詞的形成過程，例如：
   beautify, purify, terrify.

練習 1：閱讀題目並試著用-er或-or, -ee或-ist拼出下列名稱或頭銜的名詞：

例如: A person who plays jazz on the piano is a _______________.
答案: jazz pianist

1. A person who plays classical piano is a _______________.
2. The thing that wipes rain off your car windshield is a _______________.
3. A person who takes professional photographs is a _______________.
4. A person who is employed by someone else is a _______________.
5. An appliance for drying hair is a _______________.
6. A person who donates his/her organs upon death is a _______________.
7. A small device that you can use in your hand to hold pieces of paper together is a _______________.
8. A small device that helps people to do calculations is a _______________.

練習 2：利用拼字變化改變詞類，將畫底線的字以另外一種詞類表現相同的含意。

1. Most of his crimes can be forgiven.
   > Most of his crimes are ________________.
2. The club refuses to admit anyone not wearing shoes.
   > The club refuses ________________ to anyone not wearing shoes.
3. Her only fault is that she is lazy.
   > Her only fault is ________________.
4. This company has produced a lot in recent years.
   > This company has been very ________________ in recent years.

練習 3：如果你已經建立好了詞類變化的觀念，能否運用這些觀念回答下列問題呢?
這些問題沒有標準答案，純粹是個人想法。

1. What should be privatized in Taiwan?
2. What should be standardized in Taiwan?
3. What should be modernized in Taiwan?
4. What should be computerized in Taiwan?
5. What is often politicized in Taiwan?

中文原稿：演講者先以中文撰寫演講稿。

長大

大人們常常會說：「你長大了，你變得懂事了」，但是，你知道什麼是真正的長大嗎？長大不是你到了某個年紀，就叫長大，我覺得長大就是在你經歷了某件事之後的某個瞬間，你會覺得所有事情都不一樣了，而那個瞬間只有自己會懂。在那個瞬間，你會發現你必須學會獨立，必須學會控制自己的情緒，必須變得成熟，不能在像以前的自己一樣，想怎樣就怎樣的哭鬧。

講個例子，有一天在我要去學校之前，我覺得那個心態變得跟之前不一樣了，不在跟以前一樣，去了學校就開始聊天，而是變得異常安靜，我的朋友們都來問我怎麼了，但是，說真的我也不知道我怎麼了，我就是突然不想講話，只想坐在那安靜的看書，腦中突然就浮現幾句話「你要認真」，「你要成熟」隨著這幾句話的出現，我就知道，我終於長大了

中文修正稿：
將文章的每個句子組織成(主詞+動詞+受詞/補助詞+介係詞片語+複詞)結構。

長大

大人們常常會說：「等你長大了，你就知道很多真理，就變成熟了。」
但是，我對長大有不同的看法。

甚麼是真正的長大呢？並不是你到了某個年紀，你就長大了。長大只是某一個瞬間，那是當你經歷了某件事的瞬間。當那個瞬間來臨，你會覺得所有事情都不一樣了，而那個瞬間只有自己會懂。在那個瞬間之後，你會發現你必須學會獨立，必須學會控制自己的情緒，你必須變得成熟，你不能在像以前一樣，想怎樣就怎樣或像小孩子一樣哭鬧。我有過那個瞬間。

有一天在我要去學校之前，我覺得我的心變得跟以前不一樣了，那一天，我到了學校不再跟以前一樣開始跟同學聊天。對我而言，那一天變得非常安靜，我只坐著看書，我對自己說「你要用功努力，你要成熟。」當這幾句話的出現，我知道我終於長大成熟了。

那一天我的朋友們來問我怎麼了，但是，我只是微笑說，沒事啊！我突然不像以前一樣多話，我只是知道那是新的一天，那是新的我。

中文翻譯英文原稿：根據中文修正稿的結構翻譯成英文演講稿。

Growing Up!

It doesn’t take a long time to grow up! Adults often say, “When you grow up, you will know a lot of truths and become mature."

However, I have a different view of growing up. What really is growing up? It’s not that you grow up when you reach a certain age. Growing up is just a moment. That is the moment when you experience something. When that moment comes, you will feel that everything is different. And only you will understand that moment. After that moment, you will find that you must learn to be independent,you must learn to control your emotions, you must become mature, you can’t do whatever you want or cry like a child like before. 

I have had that moment. One day before I was going went to school, I felt that my heart mind became different from before.That day, when I arrived at school, I stopped chatting with my classmates as before. For me, that day became very quiet.I just sat reading. I said to myself, “You have to work hard, you have to be mature."When these few words appeared, I knew that I had finally grown up and become mature. My friends came to ask me what was wrong that day, but I just smiled and said, “I am OK! Suddenly I am not as talkative as before.

I just know that it is a new day. That is the new me now.

中文翻譯英文修正稿：需要修正的地方很少。

Growing Up!

It doesn’t take a long time to grow up!Adults often say, “When you grow up, you will know a lot of truths and become mature."

However, I have a different view of growing up. What really is growing up? It’s not that you grow up when you reach a certain age. Growing up is just a moment. That is the moment when you experience something. When that moment comes, you will feel that everything is different. And only you understand that moment. After that moment, you will find that you must learn to be independent, you must learn to control your emotions, you must become mature, you can’t do whatever you want or cry like a child like before. I have had that moment.

One day before I went to school, I felt that my mind became different from before.
That day, when I arrived at school, I stopped chatting with my classmates as before. 
For me, that day became very quiet.I just sat reading. I said to myself, “You have to work hard, you have to be mature." When these few words appeared, I knew that I had finally grown up and become mature. My friends came to ask me what was wrong that day, but I just smiled and said, “I am OK! Suddenly I am not as talkative as before.

I just know that it is a new day. That is the new me now.

這樣的演講稿幾乎都是學員自行發想及撰稿，不必死背也記得內容，忘記原講稿內容也沒關係，因為已經具備英文句子的結構概念，也有足夠的造句能力自行造句。

學員準備要站上演講台演講中。

中高級文法書PDF

習作答案

中級文法PDF

習作答案

初級文法書2 PDF

教學影片

Unit 1 現在完成式

Unit 2 現在完成進行式

Unit 3 過去完成式

Unit 4 過去完成進行式

Unit 5 名詞子句 II

Unit 6 形容詞子句 II

Unit 7 被動式

Unit 8 形容詞片語

Unit 9 連接詞

Unit 10 副詞子句

Unit 11 分詞形容詞

Unit 12 分詞構句

習作答案