App, program, software🙄如何區分?

App, program, software如何區分? 今天有一朋友問我這一個問題。

要區分其實很容易的,我們從程式設計師的英文著手,程式設計師是programmer,所以要指示電腦如何運作所寫的指令就叫做program,當然也包括寫給人使用的application(APP),也就是我們常說的應用程式,今天我們每天都在使用手機上的APP📱

多數人也可能知道,要將某工具「應用於…」是apply to,English can be applied to our job.而「申請」某事項是apply for,We applied for passport yesterday. 所以作為實際用途的程式就叫做APPapplication應用程式APP是完全為end user就是末端的使用者所設計的程式。

software的意思當然就包括program跟application,一部電腦不是硬體的部分就是軟體software,所以我們就可以說software包含了program及application, program包含了application, application是為專為使用者設計的program。

A is married with B! 哈哈哈!

A is married with B! 哈哈哈!

當我的美國朋友跟我們說”I was married with my brother last year!” 我身邊一群人都瞬間凍結! 還好我的英文觀念好,我知道他說的是他跟他的弟弟同一天結婚。其實要運用介係詞很簡單啊! 把那個介系詞最基本的含義掌控好就好了,但是要掌控字義,不要被中文定義誤導。with是「一起」或「同時發生」的意思。結婚是A去跟B結成夫妻。所以A跟B結婚是A is married to B. 我用下列幾個句子幫助大家理解介係詞的真義,用心體會,別只想死背。我一定從語境去體會單字片語的真義。

Amy is married to Tom. She got married to him last year. She was married with 2 children. A priest married them. They were married with a great wedding.

Amy跟Tom結婚了。Amy去年嫁給了Tom。Amy跟Tom結婚時已有兩個小孩。一位牧師為他們證婚。他們結婚時辦了一場令人難忘的婚禮。

compare to/compare with用哪一個?

compare to/compare with用哪一個?很簡單!

跟大多數的片語一樣,用法或意義已經在片語本身了。with這個介係詞是「一起、同時」的意思,to這個介係詞是「到另一個地方」的意思。掌握字詞在意義上的不同,我們就能比較精準的使用。所以

  • compare with就是把兩個東西放在一起檢視差異「做比較」。那就是我們常常生氣的原因了,我們不喜歡被拿來跟另外一人相比較。所以我們會說Don’t compare me with Henry! We are different people. (別把我跟Henry相比,我們是不同的人啊!)
  • compare to就是「比擬為…」或「跟…相提並論」的意思。例如,Children are often compared to young trees, still growing and able to be shaped.兒童經常被比擬為幼苗,仍然在成長中而且可塑性高。
  • 但是有些表達則兩則皆可,為什麼呢?因為既要做比較,卻又不是要挑毛病來氣人。例如,Jolin Tsai in Taiwan is often compared to/withあむろなみえ(安室奈美惠) in Japan. 台灣的蔡依林常被拿來跟日本的安室奈美惠相比。

文字可深奧、也可簡潔,我本人從來不刻意背誦片語,因為多數片語的意義其實就在組成這個片語的單字裡面了。內化體會文字的基本含意,才能明白如何使用單字片語,更重要的是多做全文說寫輸出訓練。若要使用字典,英英字典有助於了解字詞的真義。我推薦Collins Dictionary on line,網址: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/

35 複合形容詞

fulfilled life還是fulfilling life?

複合形容詞的網路資源不少,但幾乎沒人談使用的原理邏輯,今天就來談談原理邏輯幫助大家了解如何自己形成複合形容詞。複合形容詞通常是兩個字的組合,可以有連字符號,例如good-natured(性情溫和的),也可以不要連字符號goodnatured,這通常是約定俗成、沒有規則。複合形容詞有三大類:

第一類外表或特質的名詞+ed

名詞+ed?是的!大部分的複合形容詞是(形容詞+名詞-ed),用來修飾外觀或特質。名詞+ed的確令人錯愕,這是語言發展過程為了便利而產生的功能變化,讓原本沒有動作功能的名詞含有「提供」或「具備」的動作含意。用下面例子說明就清楚多了。

Amy is a girl with red hair. = Amy is a red-haired girl.
red-haired (紅髮的)就是形容詞,haired就是名詞假裝成動詞後的過去分詞。

其他修飾外觀的還有long-legged, thin-lipped, slim-hipped, flat-footed, open-toed, sun-tanned, rosy-cheeked,…還有很多,你也可以自行創造。

修飾特質的有good-natured, warm-hearted, quick-tempered, open-minded, two-faced,
light-hearted, strong-willed…還有很多,你也可以自行創造。

第二類善用分詞V-ed/ V-ing

(形容詞+分詞)、(名詞+分詞)、或(副詞+分詞),這比較正常因為分詞本來就可以做為形容詞。但要注意的是,分詞有主動含意V-ing及被動含意V-en兩種模式。例如:

形容詞+分詞:easy-going, longstanding, tight-fitting, far-reaching…

名詞+分詞:handmade, self-centered, time-consuming, heartbroken, thought-provoking, English-speaking, mouth-watering, record-breaking…

副詞+分詞: well-organized, forward-thinking, brightly-lit, highly-respected…

這類形容詞先是自創,然後漸漸地被廣泛使用,例如fun-filled party。至於如何判斷用V-ing或V-en,另外在分詞形容詞探討。先簡單說明一下:
The news broke my heart若要修飾主詞the news就要用主動含意的breaking,也就是It is heartbreaking news,而若要修飾my heart,就要用被動含意的broken,也就是My heart is broken或I am a heartbroken man。

第三類善用連字符號

用連字符號就可以創造一個複合形容詞,像是2-hour movie, built-in APP, 這一類有許多是跟介系詞結合的,例如a broken-down car, worn-out shoes…, 甚至可以三個字up-to-date songs或up-and-coming rock groups, 4個字也有Google is a too-big-to-fail corporation.只要你有創意,句子結構正確,確信讀者能懂,你就能創造複合形容詞。

所以是fulfilled life還是fulfilling life呢?兩者都對。當你說I fulfill my life with happiness. 那也就是說 I have a fulfilled life.但你若是說My happy life fulfills my dreams. 那也就是說I have a fulfilling life. 關鍵在於如何安排你的句子。

🎯將單字片語文法及想法運用於全文說寫輸出訓練,請參考全文輸入輸出訓練,從大量全文的聽說讀寫訓練建立語感,唯一雲端虛擬教室,專人訂正作業提供改善建議。

超凡遠距全文輸入輸出訓練,效率效果又經濟。無論您是(1)注重口說寫作的國高中生及(2)提升競爭力的英文老師(3)還有努力成為雙語教室的各科老師(4)以及要提升專業英語說寫能力的碩博生。都能找到客製化訓練課程!請洽詢問專線

Shop vs. Store去哪裡買?

Shop vs. Store

    許多人以為shop跟store這兩個名詞意義相同,也有人弄不清楚何時用shop何時用store。現在我們就來弄清楚。

  • shop跟store都賣東西。
  • shop通常賣單一商品或服務,store通常賣多樣商品。但有時會難以界定。
    例如:barber shop或beauty shop;convenience store或department store。
  • shop指的是製造、生產、修理、改造產品的地方。通常有repair的地方就會用到shop。
    例如:Car repair shop;computer repair shop

    但是語言是會改變的,例如drug store原本是賣藥品的地方,但現在變成像屈臣氏這樣的藥妝店,商品多樣化,在美國還是可以買到彩券或手錶,可是一開始的用詞drug store並未改變。

voice, sound, noise, audio是甚麼聲音啊!

voice, sound, noise, audio

    對許多英文學習者,這四個字似乎都是聲音的意思,但是在英文的使用上有些明顯的差異。

  • voice: 喉嚨發出的聲音, 例如歌聲, 說話聲。例如The singer has a powerful voice. 衍生用法為發言權 Everyone can have his or her voice in this matter.
  • sound: 我們耳朵所接收到的聲音訊息,也就是任何的聲音。例如We heard sounds of laughter from the next room.
  • noise: 令人不愉快的大音量。例如 Noise pollution is common in big cities nowadays.

audio: 技術用詞。錄音或者電子設備所發出的聲音。例如They raise the audio for TV commercials.

few/a few以及little/ a little意思差很大!

few/a few以及little/a little使用上的混淆是台灣學生常見的錯誤,差別不是在於數量的多少,而是含意不同!以下舉例簡單說明。

(1) few/a few用於可數的名詞; little/a little用於不可數的名詞。這一點要先知道。

(2) few跟a few的不同之處不是在於數量,而是在於表達的內涵。
用few是「少得可憐」或「真的很少」的意思。例如:
I am new in this school. I have few friends. I feel lonely.
(我是轉校新生,朋友很少,很孤單。)
但是a few則是「少也沒有關係」或「還有一些」的積極心態。例如:
I am new in this school, but I have made a few new friends. I feel fine.
(我是轉校新生,但已經結交幾個朋友,一切都還好。)

(3) little跟a little不同之處也不是在於數量,而是在於含意。例如:
I have only very little money. I cannot buy anything to eat.
(我只有很少的錢,無法買任何東西吃。)
這裡的little是只有很少的意思,但是可以用a little立即改變心態。例如:
I left my wallet at home, but I still have a little money for lunch.
(我忘了帶錢包,但還有一些錢可以買午餐。)

總結來說,a few跟few都是表達可屬名詞的數量想當少,a little跟little都是表達不可屬名詞的數量想當少,但是多了個a的a few及a little有「還有一些」的含意,而few及little有「少得可憐」的意義。

21. cost/ spend/ take/pay不死背也不會弄錯!

cost/ spend/ take不需死背也不會弄錯!看完就懂!

  1. cost:名詞cost意為「成本」,衍生為動詞當然意思為「做為成本」,那使用上就知道動詞cost前面的主詞必為造成我們花錢的「事物」,而不是出錢的「人」。
    例如: The mistake cost me 10,000 dollars. (那個錯誤使我花掉一萬元。)
  2. spend:動詞spend 意為「花費掉」時間或金錢,其主詞當然是能花費時間或金錢的「人或動物」。若是要說花時間做某事情,因為所做的事情必然是連續進行,所以才會以V-ing模式表達,例如:I spent 2 hours standing in line. (我花了兩個小時排隊。)
    所以用V-ing是有其邏輯的,但是若要表達花錢在某事情上,不要死板的說成 I spent 200 buying the book.而是說成I spent 200 on the book.當然如果是花錢做某事,就可以說I spent 1,000 singing at the KTV。每一種用法都有其邏輯。
  3. take: 我們所知的動詞take意為「拿走」,所以其主詞當然是能拿走時間的「事物」。
    例如:Doing the work took me 2 hours. 絕對不是I took 2 hours to do the work.
    若是用假主詞的模式表達,我們也可以說It took me 2 hours to do all the work.
  4. pay: 動詞pay的意思是「付錢給…」,所以其主詞必須是有付錢能力的人或組織,例如:
    I paid the store 2 thousand dollars for the pair of shoes.

結論:掌握單字的基本涵義,用法其實跟基本涵義相關的,不需要死背。學到了還要用到才算學會,超凡遠距全文輸入輸出訓練讓你學到用到。

contain, cover, include怎麼「包含」才對?

contain, cover, include怎麼「包含」才對?

學員說這問題困擾他很久了!

The Sahara desert _______ an area of about 3 million square miles. 要用contain, cover, include?因為字典定義都有「包含」。這是光背單字但是沒有從閱讀去體會字義的結果。其實cover就是「蓋…」, contain就是「容納」,include有in-就是「含在其中」,這通常是大家已經知道的基本字義,記得無論怎麼翻譯都是在基本字義的概念下運作,看下面三個句子就懂了。

  1. The Sahara covers an area of about 3 million square miles. (cover整個涵蓋)
  2. The desert contains 13 countries partially or fully. (包含在其中)
  3. The countries include Egypt, Libya, Chad and 10 others. (包含在其中的項目)

背會單字不代表學會單字。但只要對單字基本定義掌控好,尤其是動詞及介係詞,就不容易被字典或單字表的定義所綁架。

人瑞馬拉松選手

Look at what this woman did. And you know you cannot give up.

你不該放棄,看看這位女士做了什麼, 那你就知道為什麼!

點選圖片看影片!

Key Words

  1. recite重複念;吟誦                                      
  2. sprint衝刺;短距離賽跑
  3. certificate證明書
  4. centenarian百歲人瑞
  5. mob成群圍住;蜂擁進入
  6. gush (眼淚等)湧流;過分動情
  7. javelin擲標槍     
  8. shot put擲鉛球
  9. inclement氣候嚴酷的

An Indian woman is a World Champion Runner At the Age of 101.

Man Kaur celebrates after competing in the 100-meter sprint in the 100+ age category at the World Masters Games in April. Man Kaur is 101, but her routine could tire most 20-somethings.

Every day she wakes up at 4 a.m., bathes, washes clothes, makes tea, recites prayers until about 7 a.m. And then she goes to the track for an hour of sprinting practice. And she’s not just doing it for fun. A competitive runner, Kaur is a world record holder in her age group for several categories.

Now you may be thinking … is she really 101? Kaur doesn’t have proof of her age but her oldest child does. When her baby’s birth certificate was issued 81 years ago, Kaur was 20, so you do the math.

The centenarian is a role model for women and runners everywhere. Just this November, she was declared the brand ambassador for a nonprofit organization called Pinkathon, which raises awareness of women’s health issues — and encourages running as a way to improve physical fitness.

At the Pinkathon announcement event, Kaur was literally mobbed by gushing women, many of whom started running in their 30s and 40s. To them, Kaur is such a star. At her age, she’s so fit, enthusiastic, alive, independent and a genuine world champion!

She’s Won … How Many Gold Medals?! Since starting her competitive career, Kaur has run in meets in Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and Taiwan. And she’s nailed 17 gold medals for the 100-meter and 200-meter runs as well as javelin and shot put. To improve her speed, Kaur tries to go to the track every day. Three days a week, she does shot put and javelin practice; the rest of the week, she runs on the track. If the weather is inclement, she goes to the gym and lift weights.

Asked the secret of her longevity, mobility and fitness, Man Kaur says she doesn’t know, but she suspects it is crucial to be physically active. Her husband died at 102 and was also physically active.