If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you, If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you, But make allowance for their doubting too; If you can wait and not be tired by waiting, Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies, Or being hated, don’t give way to hating, And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise:
If you can dream—and not make dreams your master; If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim; If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster And treat those two impostors just the same; If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools, Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken, And stoop and build ’em up with worn-out tools:
If you can make one heap of all your winnings And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss, And lose, and start again at your beginnings And never breathe a word about your loss; If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone, And so hold on when there is nothing in you Except the Will which says to them: ‘Hold on!’
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue, Or walk with Kings—nor lose the common touch, If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you, If all men count with you, but none too much; If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run, Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it, And—which is more—you’ll be a Man, my son!
There are many problems with this system. Take the software as an example. 這個系統有許多問題,例如軟體設備。
People love Japanese cars. Take Toyota for example – in Taiwan, it sells the best. 人們喜歡日本車,以Toyota為例,在台灣Toyota賣最好。
Discussing is necessary. Take for example the discussion that was taking place in our last meeting. It generated valuable ideas. 討論是必須的,以上次會議的討論為例,那次討論產生了重要的點子。 (當要舉的例子很長,則可以將該例子放在for example後方。)
當我們說There is something on my mind.這裡的on my mind意思是「考慮」或「掛念」某事,不盡然是壞事。若是要強調是令人憂慮的事情,可以加個動詞weigh (權衡輕重;加…重 ),It is weighing on my mind.或It is weighing on me.但是若是說成There is something in my mind.也沒甚麼錯誤,往往意思也能被體會,應該不至於有嚴重誤解現象發生。
如果這個掛念已經不存在了或排除了,就可以說It is off my mind.這是很好的應用。
然而in my mind則只是純粹心中有個想法,跟on my mind的差別有點像是中文「放在心中」跟「放在心上」的差別。in my mind意思跟in my head相同,更多人可能會說in my head,I have an idea in my head.或I have an idea in my mind.
英文句子的基本架構為SVOPA (主詞/動詞/受詞/介系詞片語/副詞),介係詞片語就是(介係詞+名詞)例如I put the ball on the desk (我放那顆球在書桌上),on the desk就是介系詞片語(請參考基本造句結構概念)。若是對於介係詞應用已經相當具有概念,想要從實際應用中建立語感,可以進行全文輸入輸出訓練。
An airplane is flying over the house. 一架飛機正飛越那間房子。
A man is standing at the bus stop. 一位男士正站在公車站牌那裏。
Two men are in front of the house. 兩位男士在房子前面。
The boy is standing next to a man. 那位男孩正站在一位男士旁邊。
A dog is hiding behind a tree. 一隻狗躲在樹後面。
The woman is above a man. 那位女士正在一位男士上方。
The man is between a woman and a man. 那位男士正在一位女士跟一位男士之間。
A ladder is against the house. 一個樓梯靠著牆。
The woman is near the house. 那位女士正在房子附近。
A man is walking towards the house. 一位男士正走向那間屋子。
A black dog is among some birds. 一隻黑色的貓在一些鳥之間。
A cat is under the car. 一隻貓正在車子下。
初級介係詞 2
實例
A bird is flying off the house. 一隻小鳥飛離開屋子。
The bus stop is opposite the house. 公車站牌在屋子對面。
An old man is walking along the street. 一位老先生沿著街道走路。
The old man is walking past the house. 那位老先生正走路經過屋子。
A man is running across the street. 一位男士跑步越過馬路。
A woman is walking away from the house. 一位女士正走路離開屋子。
A man is walking out of the house. 一位男士正走出屋子。
A boy is walking around the pond. 一個男孩繞著池塘走路。
A man is walking through the pond. 一位男士走路穿越池塘。
A man is sitting by the wall. 一位男士正坐在牆邊。
A man is going down the ladder. 一位男士正在下樓梯。
A man is going up the ladder. 一位男士正在上樓梯。
如何感覺要用甚麼介係詞呢?例如,在車上是「in a bus」還是「on a bus」?介係詞in的基本定義是「在裡面」,如果你要表達「在車上有24個座位」就用in,There are 24 seats in the bus. in是一個空間裡的感覺。如果是在車上看到外面美麗風景就用on,It is a comfortable ride with beautiful views on the bus. on是在最上方,上方沒有阻擋的感覺,從這個概念延伸。
我們用in的基本觀念來延伸其含義,in是在一個大空間範圍裡面,所以這裡面的一個方向也用in,例如I have interest in science. (我對科學這一方面有興趣),on是在由上方壓下來的力量,例如Climate has a big effect on buildings. (天氣對建築物有很大影響)。而against原本是「緊靠著」,也就是兩方的力量互相抵銷,進而延伸出「反對」的意思,Tom said something against me. (Tom說了些反對我的話。)
介係詞的延伸運用
中級介係詞延伸運用
所以介係詞的選擇並不是只有一個標準答案,可能因表達不同而有兩三種選項,重點是你要表達甚麼,We walked through the park. We walked around the park. We walked over the park. We walked under the park. 這些句子因為不同的介係詞而有不同的含意。
當學習者學會用人稱代名詞I/You/He/She/They造基本的句子之後,接著就要用非人稱代名詞來造句,也就是this, that / these, those 這個,那個 / 這些,那些,還有最常使用的倒裝句型There is/There are。
this表示身旁的事物,that表示遠方的事物。
This/ That這個/那個都是用於只有一個或無法計算數量,也就是單數名詞或不可數名詞,因此用要注意動詞的使用要配合單數主詞。 This用於表示就在旁邊的物品,That用於表示在遠處的物品。請看下方兩個例句: (1) My book is on my desk. This is my book. (2) Your book is on your desk. That is your book.
These/ those這些/那些都是用於數量超過一個的物品,也就是複數名詞,因此用要注意動詞的使用要配合複數主詞。 These (這些) 用於表示在旁邊的物品,Those (那些)用於表示在遠處的物品。請看下方兩個例句: (1) My booksare on my desk. Theseare my books. (2) Your booksare on your desk. Thoseare your books.
更多例句: (1) This photo shows my grandparents and my father. (2) These photos are very important to me. (3) That cookie is not for you. It is for my dog. (4) Those cookies are for everyone. Don’t eat them all.
7-2 There is/ There are基本倒裝句
中文也有倒裝句,當我們想表達「你的書在那裏」但我們可能說成「那裏是你的書」,這就是倒裝句,也就是不先講主詞,卻先講地方副詞。英文也是一樣。 例如:A book is there on the desk. There is a book on the desk. 說明:
通常句子是由主詞開頭A book is there on the desk. 倒裝句通常是由副詞開頭There is a book on the desk. 這樣的句子讓許多初學者以為there是句子的主詞,其實這種表達是倒裝句型,也就是主詞是a book,不是There。
這樣子的表達模式非常普遍,只要是要表達某樣東西在哪裡就常常出現。 (1) A bird is there in the tree. = There is a bird in the tree. 有一隻小鳥在樹上。 (2) Four birds are there in the tree. = There are four birds in the tree. 有四隻小鳥在樹上。 (3) Is there a bird in the tree? (4) Are there four birds in the tree?
要問甚麼地方有多少某樣東西常常用how many提問: (1) How many books are there in the bag? 那本書裡面有幾課? → There is one book in the bag. (2) How many students are there in the school? 那所學校有多少學生? → There are 430 students in the school.
常出現的錯誤為直接翻譯。 (1) 有一本書在那邊桌上 Have a book there on the desk. (錯誤) (2) 應該是There is a book on the desk.