The Sahara desert _______ an area of about 3 million square miles. 要用contain, cover, include？因為字典定義都有「包含」。這是光背單字但是沒有從閱讀去體會字義的結果。其實cover就是「蓋…」， contain就是「容納」，include有in-就是「含在其中」，這通常是大家已經知道的基本字義，記得無論怎麼翻譯都是在基本字義的概念下運作，看下面三個句子就懂了。
The Sahara covers an area of about 3 million square miles. (cover整個涵蓋)
The desert contains 13 countries partially or fully. (包含在其中)
The countries include Egypt, Libya, Chad and 10 others. (包含在其中的項目)
An Indian woman is a World Champion Runner At
the Age of 101.
Man Kaur
celebrates after competing in the 100-meter sprint in the 100+ age category at
the World Masters Games in April. Man Kaur is 101, but her routine could tire
most 20-somethings.
Every day
she wakes up at 4 a.m., bathes, washes clothes, makes tea, recites prayers until about 7 a.m. And then she goes to the track
for an hour of sprinting practice.
And she’s not just doing it for fun. A competitive runner, Kaur is a world
record holder in her age group for several categories.
Now you
may be thinking … is she really 101? Kaur doesn’t have proof of her age but
her oldest child does. When her baby’s birth certificate was issued 81 years ago, Kaur was 20, so you do the
math.
The centenarian is a role model for women
and runners everywhere. Just this November, she was declared the brand
ambassador for a nonprofit organization called Pinkathon, which raises
awareness of women’s health issues — and encourages running as a way to improve
physical fitness.
At the
Pinkathon announcement event, Kaur was literally mobbed by gushing women,
many of whom started running in their 30s and 40s. To them, Kaur is such a
star. At her age, she’s so fit, enthusiastic, alive, independent and a genuine
world champion!
She’s Won
… How Many Gold Medals?! Since starting her competitive career, Kaur has run
in meets in Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and Taiwan. And she’s
nailed 17 gold medals for the 100-meter and 200-meter runs as well as javelin and shotput. To improve her
speed, Kaur tries to go to the track every day. Three days a week, she does
shot put and javelin practice; the rest of the week, she runs on the track. If
the weather is inclement, she goes
to the gym and lift weights.
Asked the secret of her longevity, mobility and fitness, Man Kaur says she doesn’t know, but she suspects it is crucial to be physically active. Her husband died at 102 and was also physically active.
The government had the long-term plan to improve the city’s road system for years. The government has started a multi-billion-dollar highway project. The cost of the project has increased since it began.
也許有些情況下兩者可互換，但是有時用錯會很怪，例如將What is your plan for dinner?說成What is your project for dinner?😜
例句1 事實：I didn’t have enough time. 許願：I wish I had had enough time. 結果子句：If I had had enough time, I would have done it.
例句1 事實：The weather wasn’t nice yesterday. 許願：I wish the weather had been nice yesterday. 結果子句：If the weather had been nice yesterday, I would have gone to the park.
假主詞雖然名稱怪異👩🦳，但是應用上很單純。無論是假主詞或假受詞，其實都只是名詞 it 用來代替一整個句子或不定詞片語。
一般的句子用真主詞，例如 I like English. 或 To live is to learn. 這兩個句子沒有假主詞。但是句子 It is good to take a trip on the weekend. 就有假主詞 it。那真正的主詞是甚麼呢？
真主詞通常是(1)To + V 或 (2) that子句)。例如： 1. It is good to take a trip on the weekend. 它是好的去旅遊在周末! (沒人會這樣翻啦!又不是電腦翻譯機!! 重新組織一下!) 2. It is good to take a trip on the weekend. = To take a trip on the weekend is good. 在週末的時候，來一趟旅遊是很棒的!
原來真主詞是：來一趟旅遊to take a trip
為什麼不要說To take a trip on the weekend is good! 這樣就不用麻煩了。還要假主詞做甚麼？英文母語人士已經習慣主詞不要太長，讓主詞後面就是動詞，比較易懂不誤解。所以當是: (1)To + V或 (2) that子句，主詞就比較長，通常就可使用假主詞。
It is good that we take a trip on the weekend. = That we take a trip on the weekend is good.
更多例句： 1. It is important to do exercise often. = To do exercise often is important. 2. It is important that we do exercise often. = That we do exercise often is important.
that有時會被省略。例如 It is good (that) we take a trip on the weekend. 但that子句當真主詞就不省略that，例如 That we take a trip on the weekend is good.
既然有假主詞，有沒有假受詞呢？有的，概念是一樣的，例如下句中的 it： We found it hard to speak as fast as native English speakers. 我們發現很難說英文說得跟母語人士一樣快。
結論：假主詞或假受詞就是 It，有假就有真! 假主詞 It 是用來代替to + V或 that子句。但是要注意It is a good book.的 It 不是假主詞是代名詞😃。
形容詞子句: The girl who is sitting next to me is Maria. 形容詞片語: The girl sitting next to me is Maria.
說明：
形容詞子句的主詞who與所修飾的詞the girl為同一人時，省略who並將動詞分詞化。若形容詞子句的主詞與所修飾的詞不為同一人時，則不能分詞化。例如： 子句The boy (whom) I saw was Tom.無法簡化，唯有關係代名詞做為主詞使用時才能簡化成片語，做為副詞或受詞時都無法簡化成片語。
II. 幾種簡化的模式
1. 省略主詞及be動詞：
(1) The man who is talking to John is from Korea. →The man talking to John is from Korea. (留下現在分詞)
(2) The ideas which are presented(呈現) in that book are good. →The ideas presented in that book are good. (留下過去分詞)
(3) Ann is the woman who is responsible for the mistake. →Ann is the woman responsible for the mistake. (留下形容詞)
(4) The books that are on that shelf are mine. →The books on that shelf are mine. (留下介詞片語)
2. 省略主詞，將一般動詞變成現在分詞：
(1) English is a languagethat consists of 26 letters. →English is a languageconsistingof 26 letters.
(2) Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome. →Anyone wantingto come with us is welcome.
超凡遠距知識英語 