英文文法就是將單字以正確詞性,擺放在句子中正確的位置。這一單元簡潔說明如何對英文的詞類做出正確判斷或辨識,列出真正附加在單字後方的字尾(suffix)所形成的詞類變化。雖然是通則,不能涵蓋每一個英文單字,但足以幫助學習者正確應用大量的單字。
形成名詞常用的附加字尾
- –er或-or: 用來加在動詞後面表示 執行這個動詞的動作的人或物,通常是-er但是有些是-or,兩者的轉換沒有規則可循。例如:
worker, runner, consumer, pencil sharpener, bottle opener, projector. - –ee: 用來跟-er做對比,-er如前所說明,是執行動作的人或物,-ee則是接收或體驗這個過程的人。例如:
employer/employee, trainer/trainee, payer/payee, interviewer/interviewee. - –tion/-sion/-ion: 這些字尾用以將動詞變成名詞。例如:
pollute/pollution, reduce/reduction, act/action. - –ism: 用來表示一種行動、意識形態、專業或信仰。例如:
liberalism, Buddhism, socialism, journalism, terrorism. - –ist: 用來表示有某種意識形態、專業或信仰的人。例如:
liberalist, Buddhist, socialist, journalist, terrorist. - –ness: 這些字尾用以將形容詞變成名詞,尤其是以-y結尾的形容詞。例如:
happiness, laziness, goodness, forgetfulness, sadness. - –ment: 這些字尾用以將動詞變成名詞。例如:
excitement, enjoyment. - –ity: 如果形容詞字尾以-able或-ible結尾(參考下方形成形容詞常用的附加字尾),通常適用這變化,但是並非所有-ity結尾名詞均來自-ble結尾的形容詞。例如:
flexibility, productivity, activity, ability. - –hood: 通常指成長的階段,例如:
childhood, motherhood, adulthood. - –ship: 通常指某種狀態,例如:
friendship, partnership, membership. - –al: 這些字尾用以將動詞變成名詞,表達該動作本身。例如:
refusal, arrival, approval
形成形容詞常用的附加字尾
- –able或-ible:用來附加在動詞字尾而形成「…能夠…」的含意,例如drinkable含有can be drunk的涵義。例如:
washable, breakable, eatable, edible, controllable. - –ive: 加在動詞後構成形容詞,表達「有…作用的,有…性質的」,例如:
passive, productive, active. - –al: 用作形容詞的後綴,表達「與…有關的」,例如:
legal, brutal. - –ous: 通常加在名詞後以構成形容詞的後綴,表示一種性質或條件,例如:
dangerous, ambitious, delicious, furious, various. - –ful: 通常加在名詞後以構成形容詞的後綴,表示該名詞的高質量,例如:
forgetful, hopeful, useful, powerful, mouthful, handful - –less: 通常加在名詞後構成形容詞,表示該名詞的低質量或卻乏名詞的特質,例如:
useless, harmless, homeless, friendless, meaningless.
形成動詞常用的附加字尾
- –ize: 通常加在形容詞後方表達形容詞的形成過程,例如standardize標準化,是形成標準的過程。其他例子:
modernize, commercialize, popularize, industrialize, computerize.
*附加說明:這一類的字通常以-ization的字尾變化變成名詞。例如:
modernization現代化。 - –ify: 通常加在名詞或形容詞後方表達該名詞或形容詞的形成過程,例如:
beautify, purify, terrify.
練習 1:閱讀題目並試著用-er或-or, -ee或-ist拼出下列名稱或頭銜的名詞:
例如: A person who plays jazz on the piano is a _______________.
答案: jazz pianist
- A person who plays classical piano is a _______________.
- The thing that wipes rain off your car windshield is a _______________.
- A person who takes professional photographs is a _______________.
- A person who is employed by someone else is a _______________.
- An appliance for drying hair is a _______________.
- A person who donates his/her organs upon death is a _______________.
- A small device that you can use in your hand to hold pieces of paper together is a _______________.
- A small device that helps people to do calculations is a _______________.
練習 2:利用拼字變化改變詞類,將畫底線的字以另外一種詞類表現相同的含意。
- Most of his crimes can be forgiven.
> Most of his crimes are ________________. - The club refuses to admit anyone not wearing shoes.
> The club refuses ________________ to anyone not wearing shoes. - Her only fault is that she is lazy.
> Her only fault is ________________. - This company has produced a lot in recent years.
> This company has been very ________________ in recent years.
練習 3:如果你已經建立好了詞類變化的觀念,能否運用這些觀念回答下列問題呢?
這些問題沒有標準答案,純粹是個人想法。
- What should be privatized in Taiwan?
- What should be standardized in Taiwan?
- What should be modernized in Taiwan?
- What should be computerized in Taiwan?
- What is often politicized in Taiwan?
