英文文法就是將單字以正確詞性,擺放在句子中正確的位置。這一單元簡潔說明如何對英文的詞類做出正確判斷或辨識,列出真正附加在單字後方的字尾(suffix)所形成的詞類變化。雖然是通則,不能涵蓋每一個英文單字,但足以幫助學習者正確應用大量的單字。

形成名詞常用的附加字尾

  1. er或-or: 用來加在動詞後面表示 執行這個動詞的動作的人或物,通常是-er但是有些是-or,兩者的轉換沒有規則可循。例如:
    worker, runner, consumer, pencil sharpener, bottle opener, projector.
  2. ee: 用來跟-er做對比,-er如前所說明,是執行動作的人或物,-ee則是接收或體驗這個過程的人。例如:
    employer/employee, trainer/trainee, payer/payee, interviewer/interviewee.
  3. tion/-sion/-ion: 這些字尾用以將動詞變成名詞。例如:
    pollute/pollution, reduce/reduction, act/action.
  4. ism: 用來表示一種行動、意識形態、專業或信仰。例如:
    liberalism, Buddhism, socialism, journalism, terrorism.
  5. ist: 用來表示有某種意識形態、專業或信仰的人。例如:
    liberalist, Buddhist, socialist, journalist, terrorist.
  6. ness: 這些字尾用以將形容詞變成名詞,尤其是以-y結尾的形容詞。例如:
    happiness, laziness, goodness, forgetfulness, sadness.
  7. ment: 這些字尾用以將動詞變成名詞。例如:
    excitement, enjoyment.
  8. ity: 如果形容詞字尾以-able或-ible結尾(參考下方形成形容詞常用的附加字尾),通常適用這變化,但是並非所有-ity結尾名詞均來自-ble結尾的形容詞。例如:
    flexibility, productivity, activity, ability.
  9. hood: 通常指成長的階段,例如:
    childhood, motherhood, adulthood.
  10. ship: 通常指某種狀態,例如:
    friendship, partnership, membership.
  11. al: 這些字尾用以將動詞變成名詞,表達該動作本身。例如:
    refusal, arrival, approval

形成形容詞常用的附加字尾

  1. able或-ible:用來附加在動詞字尾而形成「…能夠…」的含意,例如drinkable含有can be drunk的涵義。例如:
    washable, breakable, eatable, edible, controllable.
  2. ive: 加在動詞後構成形容詞,表達「有…作用的,有…性質的」,例如:
    passive, productive, active.
  3. al: 用作形容詞的後綴,表達「與…有關的」,例如:
    legal, brutal.
  4. ous: 通常加在名詞後以構成形容詞的後綴,表示一種性質或條件,例如:
    dangerous, ambitious, delicious, furious, various.
  5. ful: 通常加在名詞後以構成形容詞的後綴,表示該名詞的高質量,例如:
    forgetful, hopeful, useful, powerful, mouthful, handful
  6. less: 通常加在名詞後構成形容詞,表示該名詞的低質量或卻乏名詞的特質,例如:
    useless, harmless, homeless, friendless, meaningless.

形成動詞常用的附加字尾

  1. ize: 通常加在形容詞後方表達形容詞的形成過程,例如standardize標準化,是形成標準的過程。其他例子:
    modernize, commercialize, popularize, industrialize, computerize.
    *附加說明:這一類的字通常以-ization的字尾變化變成名詞。例如:
    modernization現代化。
  2. ify: 通常加在名詞或形容詞後方表達該名詞或形容詞的形成過程,例如:
    beautify, purify, terrify.

練習 1閱讀題目並試著用-er或-or, -ee或-ist拼出下列名稱或頭銜的名詞:

例如: A person who plays jazz on the piano is a _______________.
答案: jazz pianist

  1. A person who plays classical piano is a _______________.
  2. The thing that wipes rain off your car windshield is a _______________.
  3. A person who takes professional photographs is a _______________.
  4. A person who is employed by someone else is a _______________.
  5. An appliance for drying hair is a _______________.
  6. A person who donates his/her organs upon death is a _______________.
  7. A small device that you can use in your hand to hold pieces of paper together is a _______________.
  8. A small device that helps people to do calculations is a _______________.

練習 2:利用拼字變化改變詞類,將畫底線的字以另外一種詞類表現相同的含意。

  1. Most of his crimes can be forgiven.
    > Most of his crimes are ________________.
  2. The club refuses to admit anyone not wearing shoes.
    > The club refuses ________________ to anyone not wearing shoes.
  3. Her only fault is that she is lazy.
    > Her only fault is ________________.
  4. This company has produced a lot in recent years.
    > This company has been very ________________ in recent years.

練習 3:如果你已經建立好了詞類變化的觀念,能否運用這些觀念回答下列問題呢?
這些問題沒有標準答案,純粹是個人想法。

  1. What should be privatized in Taiwan?
  2. What should be standardized in Taiwan?
  3. What should be modernized in Taiwan?
  4. What should be computerized in Taiwan?
  5. What is often politicized in Taiwan?

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