分類: 文法教學

語言能力就是造句能力，造很多句子，才能學好英文！造句就是文法的練習！

1. 如何造出一個句子呢?

主詞及動詞是句子裡最重要的元素。表達的想法中的主詞是甚麼？做了甚麼動作？

1. S. + V. + O. (主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞)= (名詞 + 動詞 + 名詞)

我們 看見 象了。We see elephants.

慢慢加進一些元素使句子豐富：介係詞片語及副詞。

• S. + V. + O. + (Prep. + O.)
  (主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + 介係詞片語) 中文與英文介係詞片語位置不同。

我們 在動物園裡 看見 象。We see elephants in the zoo.

• S. + V. + O. + (Prep. + O.) + Adv.
  (主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + 介係詞片語 + 副詞)

我們 有時候 在那動物園裡 看見 象。We see elephants in the zoo sometimes.

✩結構裡有這些詞，表達就很豐富。但介係詞片語及副詞的位置是可隨著表達的改變而變動的。例如：

We see elephants in the zoo often.
We often see elephants in the zoo.
In the zoo, we often see elephants.
這三句子的意義並沒有差別！要注意主詞動詞受詞的順序不變！

再複習句子結構裡的詞：

你來試試看！

1. 我們昨天在動物園裡看見象。
2. Tim很小心地在街上開著他的老爺車。

答案:

1. We saw elephants in the zoo yesterday.
2. Tim drives his old car on the street carefully.

答對了嗎？

II. 什麼是詞類變化?

就是要將名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介係詞放在句子中正確的位置。
主詞及受詞的位置要放名詞
副詞的形成是將形容詞-ly
介系詞片語：介係詞 + 名詞

1. 特別注意學習者常犯的錯誤：
2. 將動詞作為主詞或受詞。例如：

開車是很危險的，我們討厭開車!
錯誤：Drive is dangerous. We hate drive.
      主詞=名詞              受詞=名詞

正確：Driving is dangerous. We hate driving.
      V-ing =名詞              V-ing =名詞

✩動詞當名詞使用時，將動詞變成名詞的方式是將動詞drive加-ing ＞driving

• 形容詞當作副詞使用。

Tim小心地在街上開著他的老爺車。

錯誤：Tim careful on the street dives his old car.

正確：Tim drives his old car on the street carefully.

✩形容詞用以修飾名詞，例如careful driver，

但副詞用以修飾動詞，例如drive carefully。

造句關鍵：形成句子的五個元素SVOPA (主詞+動詞+受詞+介係詞片語+副詞)

1. 先有一個人或物的名詞做為主詞
2. 主詞做了一個動作詞，即是動詞
3. 某個人或物名詞接受這動作，這就是受詞
4. 介紹動作的地點時間等in/ at…，就是介係詞片語
5. 表達時間、地點、程度的副詞

如何快速正確造句：先有一個想法(句子)

例句: 我們每天在課堂上練習英文。

1. 找到句子的詞類元素：S + V + O + Prep. + Adv.
2. 將正確的詞類以正確的方式放在正確的位置。
   名詞 + 動詞 + 名詞 + (介係詞+名詞) + 副詞
3. We + practice + English + in class + every day.

例句: 學生拍手叫好。
The students + clapped and cheered.

四個困難

1. 中文對詞類沒有嚴格規範，沒有拼字的改變，但英文有。
   Doing exercise is good! 運動很好!
2. 介係詞片語及副詞所擺放的位置跟中文通常不同。
   例如：我們昨天決定在台北舉辦一場產品說明會。
   We decided to hold a product presentation in Taipei yesterday.
   ❌We yesterday decided to hold a product presentation in Taipei yesterday.
3. 經常受到中文句子中的贅詞干擾。
   例如：在那一場閉門會議中，雙方的歧見最後總算達成了共識。
   In the meeting, differences on both sides finally reached an agreement.
   (贅詞：閉門/總算)
4. 以視覺順序造句，沒有內化句意以找出關鍵字。
   例如: 旗語幫助人們在能看見彼此但聽不到的狀況下發送訊息。
   Semaphore helps people send messages when they can see, but cannot hear each other.
   ❌ Semaphore helps people see each other…

解決困難1

*不需要把每個中文字翻譯成英文，只需要把意義放在五個詞類元素裡面。

例如: 有個男士站在7/11門口。
A man is standing in front of 7/11.
❌Have a man stand in front of 7/11.

解決困難2

*找出關鍵字：動詞/主詞，按照詞類要求放進英文句子結構中，別逐字翻譯放進過多的單詞在英文句子中。

例如：研究多年後，John選擇放棄原研究計畫進而展開另一個。
Years later, John gave up his project and started another.

(化繁為簡找出關鍵字)

練習找出關鍵字：主詞/動詞

練習1：
雷射冷卻在電腦與醫學領域有著廣泛的應用前景。

主詞? 動詞? 受詞? 還有其他詞類嗎?
雷射冷卻/在電腦與醫學領域/有著廣泛的/應用/前景。

動詞：應用(被動)
主詞：雷射冷卻
介係詞片語：電腦與醫學領域/前景
副詞：廣泛的

Laser cooling/ can be applied/ to computer and medicine/ in the future / extensively.

造句時確立相對應詞類的單詞即可，無須理會多餘的中文，例如「領域」「有著」。不需要探討中文組織好壞。

練習2：
你該做的就是今天開始用Paul告訴你的方式讀英文。

❌You should do is start study in the Paul tell you way today. (中文式英文)

主詞：你該做的
動詞：就是
受詞(補語)：開始讀英文
介係詞片語：(用Paul告訴你的)方式副詞：今天

解析2：你該做的/就是/今天/開始/用Paul告訴你的方式/讀英文。

*What you should do / is / to start / studying English / in the way that Paul tells you / today.

*You should start to study English today and (you should) use the way that Paul tells you. (一句造不出來就用兩句)

結論

1. 英文的文法規則只有一條：將組成句子的元素
   (主詞) (動詞) (受詞) (介係詞片語) (副詞)
   (名詞) (動詞) (名詞) (介係詞+名詞) (副詞)
   按照正確的詞類要求擺好

在較文學性文章中，if開頭的假設語氣中，若將had, were, should, did等助動詞置於句首，可將連接詞If省略，成為倒裝句。請仔細看下面例句：

Be +主詞

1. If it were necessary, I might go with you. 如果需要的話，我可以跟你一起去。
   = Were it necessary, I might go with you.
2. If I were not here, I wouldn’t be happy.
   = Were I not here, I wouldn’t be happy.

Had +主詞

1. If they had listened to their parents, they wouldn’t have done such a terrible thing.
   = Had they listened to their parents, they wouldn’t have done such a terrible thing.
2. Had we not missed the plane, we would have been killed in the crash.
   = If we hadn’t missed the plane, we would have been killed in the crash.

Should/ Could/ Might/ Would +主詞

1. If I should have time, I would call on her.要是我有時間就去看她。
   = Should I have time, I would call on her.
2. If Tom should not come, we should do it by ourselves.
   = Should Tom not come, we should still do it. 萬一Tom沒來，我們仍然要進行。
3. If he could get another chance, he would succeed.
   = Could he get another chance, he would succeed.
4. If I might see Dad again, I would die with happy tears.
   = Might I see Dad again, I would die with happy tears.
5. If she would rent this apartment, it could be 20% off.
   = Would she rent this apartment, it could be 20% off.

非必要不一定要這樣表達想法，但需要知道別人用這樣的句子是要表達甚麼。

唯一雲端虛擬教室，將想法全文輸入輸出訓練🎯，雲端專人訂正提供改善建議。
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無論您是(1)注重口說寫作的國高中生; (2)提升競爭力的英文老師; (3)努力成為各科雙語老師; 或(4)提升專業英語說寫能力的碩博生或社會人士。請洽客製化訓練課程詢問專線。

看完影片後請看更多的倒裝句例句：

強調否定：將否定含意的副詞置於句首，這是最廣泛使用的倒裝句。
變化的關鍵在於助動詞擺在主詞前面，如下方例句中的粗體字。

1. Never have I been more embarrassed!
2. Hardly has someone been so bold like you.
3. Scarcely have they been on time.
4. Seldom do we eat at MacDonald’s.
5. Little did he understand the situation.
6. No sooner had he gone to bed than the earthquake started to shake the house.
7. Not only do I enjoy classical music, but I also play it sometimes.
8. Not until I graduated had I thought about my future.

形容詞 ‘So + adjective … that’ (那麼的…以至於…)也可以用倒裝句型。

1. So noisy was the apartment that I couldn’t sleep.
   = The apartment was so noisy that I couldn’t sleep.
2. So difficult is the test that students need three months to prepare.
   = The test is so difficult that students need three months to prepare.
3. So expensive was the ticket that we couldn’t watch the show. 
   The ticket was so expensive that we couldn’t watch the show.

受詞擺放在句子的最前面強化該受詞的意義

1. Patience you must have, my friend. = You must have patience, my friend.
2. A good choice she made yesterday. = She made a good choice yesterday.
3. An excellent decision Wang has made. = Want has made an excellent decision there.

強調唯一而將only擺放在句首

1. Only then did I understand the problem. 
   = I understood the problem only then.
2. Only by working hard can we probably get real success.
   We can probably get real success only by working hard.

假設語氣用倒裝模式讓語氣比較正式嚴肅一些

1. Had he understood the problem, he wouldn’t have committed those mistakes.
   = If he had understood the problem, he wouldn’t have committed those mistakes.
2. Should you decide to come, please telephone us.
   = If you should decide to come, please telephone us.
3. Were I you, I would never meet him.
   = If I were you, I would never meet him.

唯一雲端虛擬教室，將想法全文輸入輸出訓練🎯，雲端專人訂正提供改善建議。
影片線上教學平台：Youtube教學頻道
提升國際競爭力 加入超凡遠距 。

無論您是(1)注重口說寫作的國高中生; (2)提升競爭力的英文老師; (3)努力成為各科雙語老師; 或(4)提升專業英語說寫能力的碩博生或社會人士。請洽客製化訓練課程詢問專線。

假設語氣的精準表達只有一個訣竅：要把自己心中想要表達的內容掌控清楚，知道是否定、肯定、事實、不是事實、過去或現在。

假設語氣的句子可以是現在與過去的組合，舉例說明：

事實：我不是一個好學生，所以我昨晚沒有讀書準備考試。
假設：如果我是個好學生，我昨天晚上就會讀書準備考試。

事實：I am not a good student, so I didn’t study for the test last night.
假設：If I were a good student, I would have studied for the test last night.

說明：因為我一直以來都不是一個好學生，所以當我說「如果我是一個好學生」，這是跟現在事實相反；而我昨天晚上並沒有讀書準備考試，所以當我說「我就會讀書準備考試」這是跟過去事實相反。

事實：Mary overslept this morning. She is late. (Mary今天早上睡過頭，她現在才會遲到。)
假設：If Mary hadn’t overslept this morning, she wouldn’t be late. (如果Mary今天早上沒已睡過頭，她現在就不會遲到。)
說明：遲到是現在發生的事，睡過頭是過去發生的。 所以「現在不遲到」的想法是跟現在事實相反，「沒有睡過頭」的想法跟過去事實相反。

用It is time表達該是做某事的時候了。

It is about time (that) we went home. (go home的想法是跟現在事實相反)
= It is about time (that) we should go home. (should表達急迫語氣)
= It is about time for us to go home.

說明：主要的概念還是在於跟現在事實相反，因為當我們說「該是做…的時候了」顯然 並沒有真正去做這一件該做的事情，所以是跟現在事實相反。

各種可能的假設語氣表達：內化體會就能了解。

Without your support, I couldn’t have succeeded.

說明：沒有你的支持，我不可能成功。
會做這個表達，當然當事人已經成功了，所以跟過去事實相反。

But for your support, I couldn’t have done it.

說明：沒有你的支持，我不可能完成。
會做這個表達，顯然當事人已經完成了，所以跟過去事實相反。

But that you helped me, I couldn’t have won the contest.

說明：要不是你幫我，我不可能贏得比賽。
會做這個表達，當然當事人已經贏得比賽，所以跟過去事實相反。

Only that you helped me, I couldn’t have been the champion.

說明：唯有你幫我，否則我不可能成為冠軍。
會做這個表達，當然當事人獲得冠軍了，所以跟過去事實相反。

唯一雲端虛擬教室，將想法全文輸入輸出訓練🎯，雲端專人訂正提供改善建議。
影片線上教學平台：Youtube教學頻道
提升國際競爭力 加入超凡遠距 。

無論您是(1)注重口說寫作的國高中生; (2)提升競爭力的英文老師; (3)努力成為各科雙語老師; 或(4)提升專業英語說寫能力的碩博生或社會人士。請洽客製化訓練課程詢問專線。

1. Wh-問句：在英文稱為information question，意思是獲取資訊的問句。

按照想知道的資訊決定Wh- 字，接著產生一個助動詞，這個助動詞通常是do或does，也有可能是表達過去的did或其他情緒助動詞。形成Wh-問句要將Wh-字擺在句首，注意看下面三個句子中do及what所擺放的位置。

1.                They like English. 他們喜歡英文。
2.           Do they like English? 他們喜歡英文嗎?
3. What do they like? 他們喜歡什麼?

1. 所有Wh- 字的含意:

What	什麼事、物	What do you do on Sunday? What is that on the desk?
Who	什麼人	Who do you see? Who comes here every morning?
What + 名詞	What time…什麼時間 What book…什麼書 What movie…什麼電影	What time do you get up? What book do you read? What movie do you go to?
When	幾點幾分、早上下午、 星期幾、日期）	When does school begin? When do you go to Taipei?
Where	什麼地方	Where does Mark live? Where do you go to school?
Which	哪一個	Which watch do you like?
Why	為什麼	Why do you buy a car? Why are you late every day?
How	如何、以何種方式 用什麼方法	How are you? How do you go to school?
How+形容詞	How long…多長 How many…多少 How much…多少	How long is the TV program? How many books are there? How much sugar would you like?
Whose	誰的	Whose book is it?這是誰的書？

1. 更多例句
2. What does Tom need? Tom需要什麼？
3. What city do you go to? 你要去哪個城市？
4. Which car is yours? 你的車是哪一台？
5. Who calls you every evening? 誰每天傍晚打電話給你？
6. What time is it in Tokyo, Japan? 日本東京現在是幾點？
7. When does the movie start? 電影何時開始？
8. Where is the nearest gas station? 最近的加油站在哪裡？
9. Why are you crying? 你為什麼在哭呢？
10. How do I get to the park? 我要如何才能到那個公園？
11. How old are you? 你幾歲？
12. How far is the 7-11? 7-11有多遠？
13. How many apples do you want? 你需要多少顆蘋果？
14. How much is it? 那要多少錢？
15. Why do you go to the store? 你為何去那家商店？
16. Whose bag is this? 這個袋子是誰的？
17. Whose daughter is this little girl? 這小女生是誰的女兒？
18. Whose key is it? 這是誰的鑰匙？
19. How about a cup of coffee? 來一杯咖啡如何？

中高級文法書PDF

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